Suchergebnisse

A modern democratic State cannot imagine itself without parties, with which the idea of representation and its practice in society are deeply connected. The legal regulation of parties and the knowledge of its evolution are problems constantly relevant not only because the democracy itself requires a specific legal status of parties, but also because it defines its characteristics. In this thesis, the parties are analysed in the terms of the history of law, in order to reveal their legal status in the context of the development of Lithuania in the "1918–1940" period, as well as to discuss – from the "pre-history" of parties to Lithuanian independence in 1918 – the differences between Lithuanian political movements and political parties and the reasons for which parties were losing public confidence, the democracy which they were establishing has started to lose popularity inside Lithuanian society and the coup of 1926 has significantly limited the activity of parties and their pluralism, so that the structure of the regime of the State has turned into authoritarianism. In 1940 the regime of occupation of Soviet Union has forbidden all parties except the communist one, in a way that not only has interrupted the development of the democratic regulation of the activity of parties, but also has altered their authentic nature. The historical analysis of political life of Lithuania in 1918–1940 take to the conclusion according towhich, even if at the birth of democratic state parties began to raise as interest groups above the public, they – and the representative democracy based on them – have been subjected to crisis of confidence, which, in that time in Lithuania, has ended with the Coup d'Etat of 1926. ; Šiuolaikinė demokratinė valstybė neįsivaizduojama be partijų su kuriomis susijusi pati visuomenės politinio atstovavimo idėja ir jos praktika. Partijos dėl savo specialaus, kartais nevienareikšmiško vaidmens stabilizuojant politinį demokratinės valstybės gyvenimą, tampa kompleksinio tyrimo objektu. Šioje disertacijoje partijos ir jų veikla tiriama teisės istorijos požiūriu, siekiant atskleisti jų teisinį statusą, jo raidą Lietuvoje 1918–1940 metais, taip pat aptarti partijų priešistoriją iki Lietuvos nepriklausomybės paskelbimo 1918 m., skirtumus tarp Lietuvos politinių judėjimų ir politinių partijų, priežastis, dėl kurių partijos ir jų realizuojamas demokratiškumas Lietuvoje ėmė prarasti populiarumą visuomenėje, o 1926 m. įvykęs valstybės perversmas ženkliai apribojo partijų veiklą, jų pliuralizmą, o pačią valstybės santvarką pasuko autoritarizmo link. Sukurta santvarka pasinaudojo 1940 m. Lietuvą okupavę sovietai: jie 1940 m. uždraudė Lietuvoje visas kitas partijas, išskyrus komunistų, sustabdė tolimesnę partijų veiklos demokratinio reglamentavimo raidą ir iškreipė autentiškąją partijų esmę. Atlikta 1918–1940 m. istorinės medžiagos analizė leidžia teigti, kad, jei besikuriančioje demokratinėje valstybėje partijos ima grupinius interesus kelti aukščiau valstybinių, partijas ir jomis besiremiančią atstovaujamąją demokratiją ištinka pasitikėjimo krizė, kuri ano meto Lietuvoje baigėsi 1926 m. valstybės perversmu.

This article analyzes the normative legal acts of the independence period of Lithuania, which have regulated the formation of political parties, the legal framework of their activities and meetings. These normative legal acts' influence on the formation of the political party system of Lithuania is discussed. The research is made on the legalization process of illegal organizations and political parties. It pays attention to the changes of legal regulation of political parties and its dependence on the regime. Moreover, the article compares legal regulation in different periods of development of the regime of the Republic of Lithuania in 1918–1940. Furthermore, the comparison of the changes of legal regulation within the periods of 1918–1926 (the period of the democratic regime) and 1926–1940 (the period of the undemocratic regime) is made.

This article analyzes the normative legal acts of the independence period of Lithuania, which have regulated the formation of political parties, the legal framework of their activities and meetings. These normative legal acts' influence on the formation of the political party system of Lithuania is discussed. The research is made on the legalization process of illegal organizations and political parties. It pays attention to the changes of legal regulation of political parties and its dependence on the regime. Moreover, the article compares legal regulation in different periods of development of the regime of the Republic of Lithuania in 1918–1940. Furthermore, the comparison of the changes of legal regulation within the periods of 1918–1926 (the period of the democratic regime) and 1926–1940 (the period of the undemocratic regime) is made.

It should be noted that the political aspect of the party system in Lithuania has received a lot of attention but the historical—legal aspect has been examined quite superficially of the clerisy of Lithuania. Separate authors highlight one or another historical period of Lithuania's statehood. Most relevant to the subject of the research were studies conducted by E. Šileikis ("Politinių partijų instucionalizavimas", 1997), where he analyzed the development of the political parties from the ancient Greece to the present day. Moreover, he presents the historical development of regulation of political parties in Lithuania, and outlines more extensively the significance of modern political parties. The second important research was made by professor M. Romeris. His study of Lithuanian national rebirth and the emergence of political movements is called "Lietuva". It describes the transformations of the first Lithuanian political parties. In addition, the development of political party system, political organizations in Lithuania are examined in light of democratization after occupation of the Russian Empire. The article considers the development of the regulation of the party system and studies the practical problems of legal and factual mismatch trials. In order to carry out a comprehensive scientific study the article reviews the existing de jure legal framework and the consequent de facto reality. In conclusion, the research proves not only that there were some differences between the existing legal framework and de facto reality in the period of the occupation of the Russian Empire. Also, the article defines the requirements to the general principal of regulation of political parties and determines correspondence of existing legal regulation to basic democratic standards.

It should be noted that the political aspect of the party system in Lithuania has received a lot of attention but the historical—legal aspect has been examined quite superficially of the clerisy of Lithuania. Separate authors highlight one or another historical period of Lithuania's statehood. Most relevant to the subject of the research were studies conducted by E. Šileikis ("Politinių partijų instucionalizavimas", 1997), where he analyzed the development of the political parties from the ancient Greece to the present day. Moreover, he presents the historical development of regulation of political parties in Lithuania, and outlines more extensively the significance of modern political parties. The second important research was made by professor M. Romeris. His study of Lithuanian national rebirth and the emergence of political movements is called "Lietuva". It describes the transformations of the first Lithuanian political parties. In addition, the development of political party system, political organizations in Lithuania are examined in light of democratization after occupation of the Russian Empire. The article considers the development of the regulation of the party system and studies the practical problems of legal and factual mismatch trials. In order to carry out a comprehensive scientific study the article reviews the existing de jure legal framework and the consequent de facto reality. In conclusion, the research proves not only that there were some differences between the existing legal framework and de facto reality in the period of the occupation of the Russian Empire. Also, the article defines the requirements to the general principal of regulation of political parties and determines correspondence of existing legal regulation to basic democratic standards.

The article discusses the formation of the first political organizations and creation of the first political parties in Lithuania. It focuses on the illegal social movements, political organizations and their legalization processes. The author examines the main feature of regulation of political parties at the beginning of the 20th century, the way and legal procedures of establishing political parties, the formations of political parties, their genesis, development and legal regulation. The article begins with the review of the socio-political processes that took place during the 19th century. It discusses political resurgence, the role of newspapers ("Aušra," "Varpas," "Apžvalga," "Šviesa," "Ūkininkas," "Tėvynės Sargas," "Lietuvos balsas," "Naujoji gadynė" etc.) and organizations (e.g. "Lietuvos mylėtojų") in the recovery of independence. Furthermore, the author analyzes the first legal regulation in political parties of the different periods of Lithuania in 1919–1905. It compares the period of the occupation of the Russian Empire and the period of early independence of the Republic of Lithuania. The article discusses the reforms of Russian government, including granting the freedoms of speech and assembly and the legalization of political parties. It takes notes of comparison the existing legal regulation of these different periods of the statehood of Lithuania. It should be noted that the political aspect of the party system in Lithuania has received a lot of attention but the historical—legal aspect has been examined quite superficially of the clerisy of Lithuania. Separate authors highlight one or another historical period of Lithuania's statehood. Most relevant to the subject of the research were studies conducted by E. Šileikis ("Politinių partijų instucionalizavimas", 1997), where he analyzed the development of the political parties from the ancient Greece to the present day. Moreover, he presents the historical development of regulation of political parties in Lithuania, and outlines more extensively the significance of modern political parties. The second important research was made by professor M. Romeris. His study of Lithuanian national rebirth and the emergence of political movements is called "Lietuva". It describes the transformations of the first Lithuanian political parties. In addition, the development of political party system, political organizations in Lithuania are examined in light of democratization after occupation of the Russian Empire. The article considers the development of the regulation of the party system and studies the practical problems of legal and factual mismatch trials. In order to carry out a comprehensive scientific study the article reviews the existing de jure legal framework and the consequent de facto reality. In conclusion, the research proves not only that there were some differences between the existing legal framework and de facto reality in the period of the occupation of the Russian Empire. Also, the article defines the requirements to the general principal of regulation of political parties and determines correspondence of existing legal regulation to basic democratic standards. ; Straipsnyje analizuojami bendrieji politinių partijų bruožai, jų požymiai. Identifikuojami teisiniai ir politologiniai politinių partijų bruožai. Siekiama atskleisti lietuviškųjų politinių partijų kūrimąsi lėmusius veiksnius: nagrinėjami lietuvių tautinio ir politinio atgimimo etapai, per kuriuos atskleidžiami partinės sistemos vystymosi epizodai, nelegalių visuomeninių judėjimų, organizacijų veikla. Straipsnyje aptariami teisės aktai, priimti Lietuvai atgavus nepriklausomybę, reglamentavę politinių partijų steigimąsi. Jie lyginami su okupantų priimtu teisiniu reglamentavimu bei objektyviąja realybe. Analizuojami teisinio reglamentavimo skirtumai įvairiais XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. šalies valstybingumo etapais, aptariama valstybės administracinių institucijų ir pareigūnų įtaka formuojamai realybei. Straipsnyje atskleidžiamas politinių partijų statusas de jure ir de facto aspektu. Analizuojamos statuso nesutapimus suponavusios priežastys, aptariama jų įtaka šalies valstybingumui.

The Professor Mykolas Romeris discussed about political systems advantages e disadvantages. He compared a multi-party system in which three or more political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition. And a two- party system which is a form of party system where two major political parties dominate the voting in nearly all elections. As a result, all, or nearly all, elected offices end up being held by candidates endorsed by the two major parties. The ruling party's majority may still be based on a smaller segment of the population than coalition governments due to lower turnout, and votes cast that do not lead to the desired representative. According to the professor M. Romeris the two-party system does produce stable governments, but this comes at the expense of the preferred outcome of stable democracy. M. Romeris was disposed that political corruption is the misuse by government officials of their governmental powers for illegitimate, usually secret, private gain. He was pointed that politicians forgot the main ethical, political, moral principals. Favoring relatives or personal friends became too many powerful. Professor was sure that the nations will have to try the way to identity and eliminate such kind politics and parties.